超高势计算（HDC），也称为矢量符号架构（VSA），是一种有前途的认知架构和人工智能系统的开发框架，以及技术应用和新兴的神经形态和纳米级硬件。 HDC / VSA使用大型固定尺寸（通常> 1000）的多维进窗，即分布式矢量表示。 HDC / VSA的关键成分之一是用于将各种类型的数据（从数字标量和载体从图形到图形）编码到超虚角的方法。在本文中，我们提出了一种方法，用于形成序列的超虚拟化，该序列提供了相对于序列的偏移的增夫，并保留了附近位置处具有相同元素的序列的相似性。我们的方法通过组成超虚拟矢量代表序列元素，并利用超虚角的置换来表示序列元素的顺序。我们通过以符号字符串形式的数据，通过各种各样的任务进行了实验探索了所提出的陈述。虽然我们的方法是无功能的，但它形成了从其符号的符号的超广告序列的序列的超级插座，但它展示了与应用各种功能的方法（例如子序列）的方法的表现。所提出的技术是设计用于称为稀疏二进制分布式表示的HDC / VSA模型。然而，它们可以适用于其他HDC / VSA模型的格式的超视频，以及表示除符号字符串之外的类型的序列。

这是第两部分综合调查的第二部分，专门用于计算框架，最常见于名称超高规范计算和矢量符号架构（HDC / VSA）。这两个名称都指的是一系列使用高维分布式表示的计算模型，并依赖于其关键操作的代数属性来结合结构化符号表示和矢量分布式表示的优点。全息减少的表示是一种有影响力的HDC / VSA模型，在机器学习域中是众所周知的，通常用于指整个家庭。但是，为了一致性，我们使用HDC / VSA来参考该区域。该调查的第I部分涵盖了该地区的基本方面，例如历史背景，导致HDC / VSA的开发，任何HDC / VSA模型的关键要素，已知的HDC / VSA模型，以及将各种类型的输入数据转换为高 - 适用于HDC / VSA的尺寸载体。第二部分调查现有的应用程序，HDC / VSA在认知计算和架构中的作用，以及未来工作的方向。大多数应用程序位于机器学习/人工智能域内，但我们还涵盖其他应用程序来提供彻底的照片。该调查是对新人和从业者有用的。

这项两部分的综合调查专门用于计算框架，该计算框架最常见于名称超高规范计算和矢量符号架构（HDC / VSA）。这两个名称都指的是一系列使用高维分布式表示的计算模型，并依赖于其关键操作的代数属性来结合结构化符号表示和矢量分布式表示的优点。 HDC / VSA系列中的显着型号是张解产品表示，全息减少表示，乘法添加释放，二进制喷溅码和稀疏二进制分布式表示，但也有其他型号。 HDC / VSA是一个高度跨学科的地区，与计算机科学，电气工程，人工智能，数学和认知科学有关。这一事实使得创造了彻底概述了该地区的挑战。然而，由于近年来加入了该地区的新研究人员的激增，对该地区综合调查的必要性变得非常重要。因此，在该地区的其他方面中，该部分我调查了以下几个方面，例如：HDC / VSA的已知计算模型以及各种输入数据类型的转换为高维分布式表示。本调查的第II部分致力于应用，认知计算和架构，以及未来工作的方向。该调查是对新人和从业者有用的。

A prominent approach to solving combinatorial optimization problems on parallel hardware is Ising machines, i.e., hardware implementations of networks of interacting binary spin variables. Most Ising machines leverage second-order interactions although important classes of optimization problems, such as satisfiability problems, map more seamlessly to Ising networks with higher-order interactions. Here, we demonstrate that higher-order Ising machines can solve satisfiability problems more resource-efficiently in terms of the number of spin variables and their connections when compared to traditional second-order Ising machines. Further, our results show on a benchmark dataset of Boolean \textit{k}-satisfiability problems that higher-order Ising machines implemented with coupled oscillators rapidly find solutions that are better than second-order Ising machines, thus, improving the current state-of-the-art for Ising machines.

大脑毫不费力地解决了盲源分离（BSS）问题，但它使用的算法仍然难以捉摸。在信号处理中，线性BSS问题通常通过独立分量分析（ICA）来解决。为了用作生物电路的模型，ICA神经网络（NN）必须至少满足以下要求：1。算法必须在在线设置中运行，其中一次一次流流，NN计算数据示例源无效，无需存储内存中的任何大部分数据。 2.突触权重更新是局部的，即，它仅取决于突触附近存在的生物物理变量。在这里，我们为ICA提出了一种新颖的目标函数，我们从中获得了生物学似体的NN，包括神经结构和突触学习规则。有趣的是，我们的算法依赖于通过输出神经元的总活性调节突触可塑性。在大脑中，这可以通过神经调节剂，细胞外钙，局部场势或一氧化氮来实现。

Variational inference uses optimization, rather than integration, to approximate the marginal likelihood, and thereby the posterior, in a Bayesian model. Thanks to advances in computational scalability made in the last decade, variational inference is now the preferred choice for many high-dimensional models and large datasets. This tutorial introduces variational inference from the parametric perspective that dominates these recent developments, in contrast to the mean-field perspective commonly found in other introductory texts.

Knowledge graphs (KG) have served as the key component of various natural language processing applications. Commonsense knowledge graphs (CKG) are a special type of KG, where entities and relations are composed of free-form text. However, previous works in KG completion and CKG completion suffer from long-tail relations and newly-added relations which do not have many know triples for training. In light of this, few-shot KG completion (FKGC), which requires the strengths of graph representation learning and few-shot learning, has been proposed to challenge the problem of limited annotated data. In this paper, we comprehensively survey previous attempts on such tasks in the form of a series of methods and applications. Specifically, we first introduce FKGC challenges, commonly used KGs, and CKGs. Then we systematically categorize and summarize existing works in terms of the type of KGs and the methods. Finally, we present applications of FKGC models on prediction tasks in different areas and share our thoughts on future research directions of FKGC.

Few Shot Instance Segmentation (FSIS) requires models to detect and segment novel classes with limited several support examples. In this work, we explore a simple yet unified solution for FSIS as well as its incremental variants, and introduce a new framework named Reference Twice (RefT) to fully explore the relationship between support/query features based on a Transformer-like framework. Our key insights are two folds: Firstly, with the aid of support masks, we can generate dynamic class centers more appropriately to re-weight query features. Secondly, we find that support object queries have already encoded key factors after base training. In this way, the query features can be enhanced twice from two aspects, i.e., feature-level and instance-level. In particular, we firstly design a mask-based dynamic weighting module to enhance support features and then propose to link object queries for better calibration via cross-attention. After the above steps, the novel classes can be improved significantly over our strong baseline. Additionally, our new framework can be easily extended to incremental FSIS with minor modification. When benchmarking results on the COCO dataset for FSIS, gFSIS, and iFSIS settings, our method achieves a competitive performance compared to existing approaches across different shots, e.g., we boost nAP by noticeable +8.2/+9.4 over the current state-of-the-art FSIS method for 10/30-shot. We further demonstrate the superiority of our approach on Few Shot Object Detection. Code and model will be available.

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) for semantic segmentation is a promising task freeing people from heavy annotation work. However, domain discrepancies in low-level image statistics and high-level contexts compromise the segmentation performance over the target domain. A key idea to tackle this problem is to perform both image-level and feature-level adaptation jointly. Unfortunately, there is a lack of such unified approaches for UDA tasks in the existing literature. This paper proposes a novel UDA pipeline for semantic segmentation that unifies image-level and feature-level adaptation. Concretely, for image-level domain shifts, we propose a global photometric alignment module and a global texture alignment module that align images in the source and target domains in terms of image-level properties. For feature-level domain shifts, we perform global manifold alignment by projecting pixel features from both domains onto the feature manifold of the source domain; and we further regularize category centers in the source domain through a category-oriented triplet loss and perform target domain consistency regularization over augmented target domain images. Experimental results demonstrate that our pipeline significantly outperforms previous methods. In the commonly tested GTA5$\rightarrow$Cityscapes task, our proposed method using Deeplab V3+ as the backbone surpasses previous SOTA by 8%, achieving 58.2% in mIoU.

The development of social media user stance detection and bot detection methods rely heavily on large-scale and high-quality benchmarks. However, in addition to low annotation quality, existing benchmarks generally have incomplete user relationships, suppressing graph-based account detection research. To address these issues, we propose a Multi-Relational Graph-Based Twitter Account Detection Benchmark (MGTAB), the first standardized graph-based benchmark for account detection. To our knowledge, MGTAB was built based on the largest original data in the field, with over 1.55 million users and 130 million tweets. MGTAB contains 10,199 expert-annotated users and 7 types of relationships, ensuring high-quality annotation and diversified relations. In MGTAB, we extracted the 20 user property features with the greatest information gain and user tweet features as the user features. In addition, we performed a thorough evaluation of MGTAB and other public datasets. Our experiments found that graph-based approaches are generally more effective than feature-based approaches and perform better when introducing multiple relations. By analyzing experiment results, we identify effective approaches for account detection and provide potential future research directions in this field. Our benchmark and standardized evaluation procedures are freely available at: https://github.com/GraphDetec/MGTAB.